Please answer the following questions in a 3-page paper:
In one page present one criticism for of each of Bradford Hill’s causal criteria.
In two pages—based upon the following papers which explore the relationship between soy consumption and breast cancer by Sacks et al (2006 – Write a paper; Professional research paper writing service – Best essay writers), Messina & Loprinzi (2001), Wu et al (2008 – Affordable Custom Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay from Pro Writers), and Trock et al (2006 – Write a paper; Professional research paper writing service – Best essay writers). Rank order which Bradford Hill criteria are most closely met and provide a brief explanation as to why.
Assignment Expectations
Length: Case Assignments should be at least 6 pages (1,300 words) in length.
References: At least three references should be included from academic sources (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles). Required readings should be included. All references need to be cited using APA format.
Organization: Subheadings should be used to organize your paper according to question.
Format: APA format is required for all assignments at the Ph.D. level. See Syllabus page for more information on APA format.
Grammar and Spelling: While no points are deducted for minor errors, assignments are expected to adhere to standards guidelines of grammar, spelling, punctuation, and sentence syntax. Points may be deducted if grammar and spelling impact clarity.
The following items will be assessed in particular:
Relevance—all content is connected to the question.
Precision—specific question is addressed. Statements, facts, and statistics are specific and accurate.
Depth of discussion—present and integrate points that lead to deeper issues.
Breadth—multiple perspectives and references, multiple issues/factors considered.
Evidence—points are well-supported with facts, statistics, and references.
Logic—presented discussion makes sense; conclusions are logically supported by premises, statements, or factual information.
Clarity—writing is concise, understandable, and contains sufficient detail or examples.
Objectivity—avoid use of first person and subjective bias.
Additional expectations for the assignment:
Your references and citations should be consistent with a particular formatting style, such as APA.
Your response should be based on scholarly material, such as peer-reviewed articles, white papers, technical papers, etc. Do not include information from non-scholarly materials such as Wikis, encyclopedias, www.freearticles.com (or similar websites).
Your response should incorporate the objectives of the module with the requirements of this assignment.
Required Reading
The missed lessons of Sir Austin Bradford Hill Carl V Phillips1,2,3 and Karen J Goodman1 Epidemiol Perspect Innov. 2004; 1: 3. Retrieved May 28, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC524370/
Hoffler, M. (2005). The Bradford Hill considerations on causality: a counterfactual perspective. Emerging Themes in Epidemiology, 2(11). Retrieved May 28, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap at: http://www.ete-online.com/content/2/1/11
Messina, M. J. and Loprinzi, C.L (2001). Soy for Breast Cancer Survivors: A Critical Review of the Literature. American Society for Nutritional Sciences, 131(3095S-3108S). May 28, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap at: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/131/11/3095S
Randolph, JJ (2009). A Guide to Writing the Dissertation Literature Review. Practical Assessment Research & Evaluation, 14(13). May 28, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap at: http://pareonline.net/pdf/v14n13.pdf
Sacks F.M., Lichtenstein, A., Van Horn, L., Harris, W., Kris-Etherton, P., and Winston, M. (2006 – Write a paper; Professional research paper writing service – Best essay writers). Soy Protein, Isoflavones, and Cardiovascular Health. Circulation, 98(7). May 28, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap at: http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/113/7/1034
Trock, B.J., Hilakivi-Clarke, L., Clarke, R. (2006 – Write a paper; Professional research paper writing service – Best essay writers). Meta analysis of soy intake and breast cancer risk. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 98(7).May 28, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap at: http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/98/7/459.full.pdf+html
Weed, D.L. (2000). Interpreting epidemiological evidence: how meta-analysis and causal inference methods are related. International Journal of Epidemiology, 29(387-390). May 28, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap at: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/29/3/387
Wu, A.H., Yu, M.C, Tseng, C-C., Pike, M.C. (2006 – Write a paper; Professional research paper writing service – Best essay writers). Epidemiology of soy exposures and breast cancer risk. British Journal of Cancer, 98(9-14). May 28, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap at: http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v98/n1/full/6604145a.html
Additional Reading
Edith Cowan University. Literature Review: Academic Tip Sheet. May 28, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap at: http://www.ecu.edu.au/CLT/tips/docs/literature_review.pdf
The University of Pittsburgh. (2005, March 3). Supercourse: Web of Causation; Exposure and Disease Outcomes. May 28, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap at: http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec19071/index.htm
Weed, D.L. (1997). On the Use of Causal Criteria. International Journal of Epidemiology, 26(6):1137. May 28, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap at: http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/26/6/1137.pdf
